SKIN AND BODY MEMBRANES
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See Some Examples
The InteGumentary System
The Skeletal System
Bone Markings:
Tuberosity- Large, rounded projection; may be roughened
Crest- Narrow ridge of bone;usually prominent
Trochanter- Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
Line- Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
Tubercle- Small, rounded projection or process
Epicondyle- Raised area on or above a condyle
Spine- Sharp, slender, often pointed projection
Process- Any bone prominence
Projections that help form joints
Head- Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Facet- Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Condyle- Rounded articular projection
Ramus- Armlike bar of bone
Depressions and opening
Groove- Furrow
Fissure- Narrow, slitlike opening
Foramen- Round or oval opening through a bone
Notch- Indentation at the edge of a structure
Meatus- Canal-like passageway
Sinus- Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
Fossa- Shallow, basin like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
Tuberosity- Large, rounded projection; may be roughened
Crest- Narrow ridge of bone;usually prominent
Trochanter- Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
Line- Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
Tubercle- Small, rounded projection or process
Epicondyle- Raised area on or above a condyle
Spine- Sharp, slender, often pointed projection
Process- Any bone prominence
Projections that help form joints
Head- Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Facet- Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Condyle- Rounded articular projection
Ramus- Armlike bar of bone
Depressions and opening
Groove- Furrow
Fissure- Narrow, slitlike opening
Foramen- Round or oval opening through a bone
Notch- Indentation at the edge of a structure
Meatus- Canal-like passageway
Sinus- Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
Fossa- Shallow, basin like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
The Skull
The skull is formed by two sets of bones.
The cranium encloses and protects the fragile brain tissue
The facial bones hold the eyes in an anterior position and allow the facial muscles to show our feelings through smiles and frowns.
Cranium
The boxlike cranium is composed of 8 large flat bones. Except for 2 parked bones, the parietal and temporal, they are all single bones
Frontal Bone- forms the forehead, the bony projections under the eyebrows, and the superior part of each eye's orbit
Parietal Bones- this set of paired bones form most of the superior and lateral walls of the cranium. They meet in the midline of the skull at the sagittal suture and form the coronal sutures, where they form the frontal bone
Temporal Bones - lie inferior to the parietal bones; they join them at the squamous sutures.
The Styloid process is a sharp, needlelike projection that is just inferior to the external auditory meatus.
Zygomatic process - is a thin bridge of bone that joins with the cheekbone anteriorly
Mastoid process - is full of air cavities. It is a rough projection posterior and interior to the external acoustic meatus.
Jugular Foramen - is at the junction of the occipital and temporal bones. It allows passage of the jugular vein, the largest vein of the head, which drains the brain.
Occipital Bone - is the most posterior bone of the cranium. It forms the base and back wall of the skull. It joins the parietal bones anteriorly
Sphenoid bone- spans the width of the skill and forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity
Ethmoid bone- irregularly shaped and lies anterior to the sphenoid
Facial Bones
Maxilla-fuse to form the upper jaw
Palatine bones- lie posterior to the palatine processes of the maxillae
Zygomatic bones- commonly referred to as the cheekbones
Lacrimal bones- fingernail-sized bones forming part of the medial walls or each orbit
Nasal bones- form the bridge of the nose
Vomer bone- single bone in the median line of the nasal cavity
Inferior nasal conchae- thin, curved bones projecting medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
Mandible- largest and strongest bone of the face
Hyoid bone- unique in that it is the only bone of the body that does not articulate directly with any other bone
The cranium encloses and protects the fragile brain tissue
The facial bones hold the eyes in an anterior position and allow the facial muscles to show our feelings through smiles and frowns.
Cranium
The boxlike cranium is composed of 8 large flat bones. Except for 2 parked bones, the parietal and temporal, they are all single bones
Frontal Bone- forms the forehead, the bony projections under the eyebrows, and the superior part of each eye's orbit
Parietal Bones- this set of paired bones form most of the superior and lateral walls of the cranium. They meet in the midline of the skull at the sagittal suture and form the coronal sutures, where they form the frontal bone
Temporal Bones - lie inferior to the parietal bones; they join them at the squamous sutures.
The Styloid process is a sharp, needlelike projection that is just inferior to the external auditory meatus.
Zygomatic process - is a thin bridge of bone that joins with the cheekbone anteriorly
Mastoid process - is full of air cavities. It is a rough projection posterior and interior to the external acoustic meatus.
Jugular Foramen - is at the junction of the occipital and temporal bones. It allows passage of the jugular vein, the largest vein of the head, which drains the brain.
Occipital Bone - is the most posterior bone of the cranium. It forms the base and back wall of the skull. It joins the parietal bones anteriorly
Sphenoid bone- spans the width of the skill and forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity
Ethmoid bone- irregularly shaped and lies anterior to the sphenoid
Facial Bones
Maxilla-fuse to form the upper jaw
Palatine bones- lie posterior to the palatine processes of the maxillae
Zygomatic bones- commonly referred to as the cheekbones
Lacrimal bones- fingernail-sized bones forming part of the medial walls or each orbit
Nasal bones- form the bridge of the nose
Vomer bone- single bone in the median line of the nasal cavity
Inferior nasal conchae- thin, curved bones projecting medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
Mandible- largest and strongest bone of the face
Hyoid bone- unique in that it is the only bone of the body that does not articulate directly with any other bone
Bone FRACTURES
VERTEBRAL
Thoracic Cage AND UPPER LIMBS
Pelvic Girtle |
Fibrous Joints
Synovial Joints:
Plane joints
- bones are united by fibrous tissues
- The irregular edges of the bones interlock and are bound tightly together by connective tissue fiber, allowing no movement
- bone ends are connected by fibrocartilage
- slightly moveable
- the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid
- Four Features:
- articular cartilage
- articular capsule
- joint cavity
- reinforcing ligaments
Synovial Joints:
Plane joints
- the articular surfaces are essentially flat, and only short slipping or gliding movements are allowed
- nonaxial
- the cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another bone
- uniaxial
- the rounded end of one bone fits into a sleeve or ring of bone
- uniaxial joints
- egg-shaped articular surface of one bone fits into an oval concavity in another
- allow the moving bone to travel from side to side and back and forth, but the bone cannot rotate around its long axis
- biaxial
- each articular surface has both convex and concave areas
- biaxial
- the spherical head of one bone fits into a round socket in another
- multiaxial